im of the opinion that Henry viii did not want reformation in any way, but simply a split from Rome. I remember reading that he barred reformers from England. What's your opinion please?
There isn't much room for opinion here; just fact. Henry VIII was a complex and contradictory figure - as are we all, I suppose. His various beliefs were extremely Medieval. He retained pretty much everything except outward obedience to the Pope; even this, it seems, was broken more out of practical need (his divorce & remarriage) than conviction (Protestantism). The true Reformation began - on an official level - after his death, it's true. We're all sinners, imperfect, and broken. That is somewhat consoling when looking at history. We cannot absolutize people into mere ideals or sets of beliefs. They were persons, subjects, and individuals with many motives. Our knowledge of God in Christ may be helped along by such-and-such a person, but ultimately large forces also happen out of individuals' control. We do like to think we're in control, but God is. Whether Henry VIII wanted this or that or the other doesn't really matter, in the end. He is but one figure who has left footsteps in the sands of time. We choose to follow him, or those who came after him. Either way, we must act according to conscience, not according to Henry VIII.
True story: Henry VIII only got an annulment. He never got a divorce, nor asked for one. Btw, annulments were frequently granted by the Popes to rich donors. The French Henry IV is a famous example. In England's Henry VIII's case, his (much richer) rival Spanish king Charles V requested for Henry's annulment to not be given, and the Pope chose the richer donor. This was the reason why Henry didn't get an annulment when so many other kings did. But he never got any divorces. A divorce is impossible, for marriage is for life.
Actually Charles was the Holy Roman Emperor and the nephew of Cathrine. To understand Henry and what happened we need to look at secular history. Henry's father, Henry VII, won the dynastic/civil War called the War of the Roses. After that war he had his oldest son and heir married to the daughter of Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain. Think Christopher Columbus. His older brother was Arthur. Arthur died soon after the marriage. Henry VII wanted to keep the alliance with Spain. So he sought to marry Henry to Catherine. Henry was about 10 years old. When he was 18 he married her. At this time in Roman Catholic Canon law, you could not marry your sister in law. To get around this law, Henry VII approached Pope Julius II for a special dispensation for the marriage. Henry paid the appropriate bribe or fee and the Pope over looked canon law. Back then Popes could and did ignore what they wanted. Henry VIII became king in 1509. He was about 18 years old. He opposed Luther's Reformation. He wrote Assertio Septem Sacramentorum a defense of the sacraments. For his opposition I believe it was Leo X who gave him the title Defender of the Faith. One of the titles the English monarch has had to this day. After several miscarriages and stillbirth he had a daughter Mary. He also had Elizabeth and Edward from different wives. Plus other illegitimate children. Now at the time of his annulment request he did not have a male heir. Remember England had just gone through a long bloody dynastic struggle that his father ended. Henry knew if he did not have a male heir there most likely would be another dynastic struggle. Remember England had dynastic wars until the mid 1740's.....Stuarts etc. Henry went to the Church. The English Bishops and Archbishops approved. Henry had every expectation the Pope would rule in favor of the annulment. His main argument was that the special dispensation should have never been given as it violated canon and levitical law. Also, the pope had recently granted French King Henry, Scotland's Margaret and another English nobleman similar annulments. Pope Clement VII refused. Why? In 1527, the Pope was the prisoner of the Holy Roman Empire. He had backed the French in the Italian wars. Rome was sacked and he was taken to Castel Sant'Angelo. After 6 months he escaped and until 1528 hid from his captors returning to Rome in Oct 1528. When Henry's appeal came to him, he was the prisoner of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, nephew of Catherine. Charles, for family and political reasons, pressured the Pope to refuse. Which he did, citing Roman Canon Law...which had been conveniently forgotten for the marriage. Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, was also Charles I of Spain. He kept the dual crowns until 1556. He actually had more crowns..Austria, Netherlands etc but Spain and Holy Roman Empire were the most important. Also, Henry never let the Reformation influence the Church in England. Yes he got rid of the religious holdings, but the theology and liturgy of the Church remained the same. Under Edwards reign, the regents allowed the continental reformers in. Mary undid their work. Elizabeth was tolerant of Roman Catholics until Pius V issued Regnans in Excelsis in 1570 which declared Elizabeth a heretic, releasing all her subjects from allegiance to her and excommunicating any who remained loyal to her. This happened just after the Northern rebellion of the Catholic nobility centered around the Dukes of Northumberland and Westmorland, of 1569. After this, the Jesuit spreading discontent and the three armadas of 1588, 1596 and 1598 (all with Rome's fingerprints all over it) England moved away and broke with Rome. All of the English Monarchs opposed the continental reformers influence in the form of the puritans until the puritans chopped off Charles I head after the third English Civil War in 1649. Probably enough history for now. Fr. Mark
Yeah, had Catherine of Aragon not been related to Charles V, the Pope almost 100% would have granted Henry his annulment. But as others have said, the Pope was scared of the emperor.
Six Articles of 'Henrician Catholicism' was the first system of belief statement put forth by a Church of England no longer under the Roman See. However, I don't think of Henry when I typically think of the English Reformation. I think of Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer. And also Martin Bucer
Henry VIII sought to change nothing save the authority of the Pope in England. There is no doubt that the Pope was being maneuvered politically and following the Sack of Rome in 1527 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)) Clement was at the behest of others in the European theatre. The Six Articles, attributed largely to Henry VIII, though an Act of the English Parliament may well have been more of a catholic flag being waved to Europe, to lessen the risk of invasion. It coincides with the shoring up on defences along the southern coastline. One of the responses top the six articles was that Cranmer sent his wife and children to the continent for their safety. I think that the character of Anglicanism as we have inherited it owes much to Matthew Parker.
Henry VIII and Ann Boleyn were the “Adam and Eve” of the Reformation in England. But it was Catherine Parr, Henry’s Sixth Wife that was a true reformer, she even wrote several books (Psalms or Prayers, Prayers or Meditations, and The Lamentation of a Sinner) and had Elizabath, who would become The Virgin Queen, educated in Greek so she could read and memorize Erasmus’ Greek translation of the New Testament. The Reforms were sidelined by Mary I of England also known as the infamous “Blood Mary”, who wanted a total return to Papal England. Her efforts were reversed when Elizabath I became Queen and decided on Anglicanism (Church of England), a middle path between Roman Catholicism and radical Protestantism, known as Puritanism. Sources: Church History in Plain Language, Bruce Shelley, 4th Edition, Paperback The Reformation, Chapter Six, Diamond McCulloch, Paperback Christian History Made Easy, Timothy Paul Jones, Rose Bible Basics, Paperback The Life of Elizabeth I, Alison Weir, Paperback The Church in History, B. K. Kuiper, Paperback Secrets of the Six Wives, Season 1 (2017) Six Wives with Lucy Worsley, Episode 3, BBC One, TV Series